, 1902. Cape to Cairo Railway Photograph. He was the fifth son of Francis William Rhodes and his second wife, Louisa Peacock. By the 1890s, the U.S. began to revitalize both its commercial and naval fleets. It ends with a stranger entering the church and delivering a devastating description of the carnage experienced by invaded countries. Published in Punch Magazine 28, November 1906. Office hours: By appointment only. In an 1898 two-page spread in Puck, female symbols of the two nations, Columbia and Britannia, meet as mother and daughter to celebrate their reunion After Many Years. Wearing archaic breastplates and helmets, with trident and sword, these outsized, archetypal crusaders helm modern warships. Co., Puck Bldg. David Ewing Duncan is the author of seven books including the worldwide bestseller Calendar. Africa is the setting. https://gmu.zoom.us/j/92187991244, Please download and import the following iCalendar (.ics) files to your calendar system. Translated from Russian. In this mocking Life cartoon, a Chinese man with an overturned Bible at his feet laughs ironically at how both the Bible and Uncle Sam relish scenes of slaughter. A 27-year-old veterinarian was stabbed to death after trying to stop criminals from stealing the wheels from his wife's car at midnight during load shedding. Eighteen months before Steinlens disturbing mural, another German artist, Thomas Theodor Heine, published a similarly blood-soaked rendering of the barbarities perpetuated abroad by Western military forces. Despite public neutrality, the U.S. and Britain covertly supported each other. Written over the battle clouds on the right, the Spanish-American War would have inspired the depiction of Columbia as an emerging military power. All of the hastily organized camps, for whites and blacks alike, had inadequate accommodations, wretched sanitation, and unreliable food supplies, leading to tens of thousands of deaths from disease and starvation. By contrast, with the exception of Sudan, the burden Britain bears reflects backward older cultures that look forward to civilization or back, condescendingly, at those people, cultures, and societies deemed even closer than they to barbarism. Both visually and textually, the white mans burden was steeped in derision of non-white, non-Western, non-Christian others. XII, No. A chained War Correspondent is forced to rewrite his reports under the direction of Major General Elwell Otis during the Philippine-American War. Take a look at the pictures and answer the questions to determine what these cartoons tell us about the era of imperialism. At the core of the White Mans Burden is a reluctant civilizer who takes up arms for the purpose of relieving grievous wrongs, in the words of President William McKinley. International Journal of Comic Art11.1 (2009)pp. (doi:10.1080/14650040802275644). The distance from Capetown to Cairo, as the crow flies, is about 4200 miles. 799820 (June 2000). If only black-and-white ("b&w") sources are listed and you desire a copy showing 1900. London: Hurst and Blackett, 1900. How did the US attempt to justify Imperialism. Opposing viewpoints usually found expression in simpler but no less powerful black-and-white graphics in other publications. All this for politicsis civilization advancing? Victor Gillam,Judge, February 3, 1900. John Bull Good 'evins! (Some images display only as thumbnails outside The scene above turns the tables on the Harpers Weekly cover (above) and accuses foreign troops and missionaries of atrocities during the Boxer Uprising in China. Do the Access Advisory or Call Number fields above indicate that a non-digital surrogate exists, Their diverse identities, however, reflect the global reach and ethnic diversity of the British empireand the extent to which England relied on colonial subjects to fight its imperialist wars. It allows prisoners to enjoy the view from the outside and have the illusion of freedom (Official Report to the War Office. achievement, From the Cape to Cairo, published in 1900, not only chronicled the events of a harrowing two year walking tour of Africa, but also discussed many of the problems that confronted . Relatively free from European rivalries and well situated to become a transoceanic partner, the U.S. was courted for the role. The caption reference to harvest surely carried multiple meaning to many ofLifes American readers. Uncle Sam is to be Sacrificed: Anglophobia in Late Nineteenth-Century Politics and Culture.American Nineteenth Century History. Please use the following steps to determine whether you need to fill out a call slip in the Prints Dr Natheem Jacobs was stabbed at his home in Garlandale, Athlone. Co., Puck Bldg. That dragon must be killed before our troubles can be adjusted. United We Stand for Civilization and Peace: the Anglo-Saxon Globe. From the Cape to Cairo / Keppler. - Library Of Congress 'Explorers in Africa: To the Sources of the Nile') is a 1991 illustrated monograph on the European exploration of Africa. Caption: Though the process be costly, the road to progress must be cut. In this rendering it is the Bible-toting white invader (The Stranger) who is ridiculed. The caption quotes one of the presidents speeches: Teaching them the truth of the common fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man, and showing that if we are not our brothers keepers we can be our brothers helpers. Location: Innovation Hall, 330 and online (see info below). Save the republic : Anti-imperialist leaflet no. It would have been the largest and most important railway of that continent. Britannia (Symbolic character)--1900-1910, - Much of Africa would now be days rather than weeks away from London while Cecil Rhodes' old dream of a 'Cape to Cairo' connection had become a reality. such as microfilm or copy prints? Although Wilhelm II was famous for introducing the concept of a yellow peril, Germanys major colonial possessions were in Africa. President McKinley at the Conference of Foreign Missions. The fallen man clasps the flag of the Philippine independence movement, inscribed with the words Give Us Liberty. His hat quotes the most famous phrase in the U.S. Mans Burden, emphasized its hypocrisy. It ought to be a Happy New Year, the caption reads. Geopolitics, Vol. The Pigtail Has Got to Go. Louis Dalrymple,Puck, October 19, 1898. The caption, "From the Cape to Cairo. LC-DIG-ppmsca-25696 (digital file from original print). Miller, Bonnie M. The Image-Makers' Arsenal in an Age of War and Empire, 1898 1899: A Cartoon Essay, Featuring the Work of Charles Bartholomew (of theMinneapolis Journal)and Albert Wilbur Steele (of theDenver Post). Journal of American Studies, 45, pp 53-75 (Cambridge University Press). Terms of Use Imperial and Anti-Imperial Constructions of Civilisation: Engagements with Pre-Modern Pasts.Geopolitics, Vol. Alternatively, you can purchase copies of various types through Postwar industrialization and the introduction of new commodities such as steel and electricity gradually transformed the agrarian nation. The eight-nation military intervention during the Boxer Uprising in China in 1900 amounted to a global case study of how nations with superior technology wreaked violence abroad in the name of bringing about peace and civilization. Ellen Sebring is an artist, filmmaker, and for a decade was the Creative director of the Visualizing Cultures project at M.I.T. Presence of a German fleet lent evidence to one of the justifications the U.S. gave for war with Spain, that is, to protect the Philippines from takeover by a rival major power. advise you in both how to fill out a call slip and when the item can be served. Contemporary wars in the Philippines and Transvaal (the Boer War) comprise the foreground of the Think It Over battlefield. During the last decade of the 19th century, the antagonistic relationship between Great Britain and the United Statesrooted in colonial rebellion and heightened in territorial conflicts like the War of 1812grew into a sympathetic partnership. J. Ottmann Lith. Freedom and Peace for all Time. ca. and Photographs Reading Room to view the original item(s). Retrieved from the Library of Congress. While the European powers favored Spain in the Spanish-American War, for example, neutral Britain backed the U.S. During the 1898 Battle of Manila Bay, British ships quietly reenforced the untried U.S. navy by blocking a squadron of eight German ships positioned to take advantage of the situation. Britains John Bull leads Uncle Sam uphill as the two imperialists take up the White Mans Burden in this detail from an overtly racist 1899 cartoon referencing Kiplings poem. [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2010652189/. The two allies had been embroiled in lengthy wars with costly and devastating effects on the populations in Africa and Asia. Warships steam over the horizon of their chests flying banners of great waterways that would ideally open the world to commerceSuez Canal (completed in 1869) and Managua Canal (projected through Nicaragua to link the Caribbean and Pacific oceansan undertaking later transferred to Panama). In many cases, the originals can be served in a few minutes. The boats crossing their chests, labeled Suez Canal and Managua Canal, show the importance of efficient naval and shipping routes through their distended realms. Seated around them (left to right) are a feminized Russia, Turkey, Italy, Austria, Spain, and France. The war with the Boers (who were ethnically Dutch and Afrikaans-speaking) took place in the South African Republic (Transvaal) and Orange Free State. Civilization and progress are inseparable, a train and telegraph drawn in her robes. 1900) and starlight from a goddess of civilization. John Bull and Uncle Sam lift the globe, turned toward Asia and the Pacific, to the heavens. Civilization and barbarism were vividly portrayed in the visual record. [View Extract]. To contact Reference staff in the Prints and Photographs Reading Room, please use our French artists, on the other hand, leveled charges of barbarism against Great Britain and other imperial powers, including their own country, in vivid graphics. | Print shows John Bull reclining on luggage labeled "J.B." and boxes of "War Supplies" and "Commissary Supplies" at the "Hotel Egypt" where an Egyptian man is hanging 1 print : chromolithograph. Uncle Sams New Class in the Art of Self-Government. W. A. Rogers,Harpers Weekly: A Journal of Civilization, August 27, 1898. The conspicuously larger size of Britannias big guns in Pucks cartoon reflects Englands leading role in imperial conquest. 8, No. 14 books12 followers. Embracing Technologies of Domination: The Rise of Popular Imperialism in the U.S., 1898-1904. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Dresden International Congress Centre, Dresden, Germany, Jun 16, 2006. Source: Widener Library, Harvard University. The phrase became a trope in articles and graphics dealing with imperialism and the advancement of Western civilization against barbariansor as the poem put it, Your new-caught sullen peoples, Half devil and half child.. The caption at their feet exclaims United We Stand for Civilization and Peace!, 'United We Stand for Civilization and Peace! Louis Dalrymple,Puck, June 8, 1898. Hevia, James Louis. The First Traverse of Africa From South to North. Source: Houghton Library, Harvard University. The U.S. must govern its new territories with or without their consent until they can govern themselves.. Keppler, Udo J., Artist. This political cartoon was drawn by Edward Linley Sambourne and was published in the 10 December 1892 edition of Punch magazine, appearing beside an article from The Times about a Rhodes plan to extend an electrical telegraph line from Cape Town to Cairo. The famous cartoon demonstrates Rhodes dream. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1938). Looming just ahead for the two Anglo nations were turbulence and intervention in such widely dispersed places as Samoa, China, and Africa. In the storm clouds on the left, the Eastern Question looms. Reimagining Zimbabwe's Cape-to-Cairo Railroad - FOCUS on Geography Library of Congress Duplication Services. Long May It Wave. In an unprecedented alliance, the second expeditionary force was comprised of (from largest troop size to smallest) Japan, Russia, Great Britain, France, U.S., Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. You will post your answers and your own cartoon on Slack #imperialsim. National Endowment for the Humanties. Bickers, Robert A. and R. G. Tiedemann. We may have burnt certain villages, destroyed considerable property and incidentally slaughtered a few thousand of their sons and brothers, husbands and fathers, etc., but what did they expect? The turn-of-the-century visual record tells us otherwise. Source: Library of Congress. (A thumbnail (small) image will be visible on the left.). Vol. However, brutally repressive policies followed that included accusations of genocide. - Illustration shows Britannia carrying a large white flag labeled "Civilization" with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advancing on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled "Barbarism". This special issue illustrated by Thophile Steinlen comprises a particularly gruesome mural depicting the bloodshed of contemporary colonial wars in Turkey, China, and Africa. So, if we do our duty aright in the Philippines, we will add to that national renown which is the highest and finest part of national life, will greatly benefit the people of the Philippine Islands, and, above all, we will play our part well in the great work of uplifting mankind. Presentation: History of Egyptian Animation and how BAKKAR the animated Prisoners will not be taken! Regarding the Philippines in particular, he continues: without any desire or design on our part, the war has brought us new duties and responsibilities which we must meet and discharge as becomes a great nation on whose growth and career from the beginning the ruler of nations has plainly written the high command and pledge of civilization. Do the Access Advisory or Call Number fields above indicate that a non-digital surrogate exists, From the Cape to Cairo / Keppler. A Red-Letter Day. And the political cartoons of the timesubjective, emotional, ideological, highly politicized and at the same time, politically diversifiedconvey this complexity with unparalleled sophistication and intensity. Militarily beneath notice by the major European powers, and able to resolve conflicts with Britain in the Western Hemisphere diplomatically, there was little pressure for a strong military in the U.S. With minimal military expenditures, the U.S. economy grew rapidly. Civilization & Barbarism: "The White Man's Burden" (1898-1902) the Library of Congress because of rights considerations, but you have access to larger size images on The U.S. is newly victorious in 1898 naval victories over the Spanish at Manila and Santiago de Cuba. A 1901 Puck cover, Misery Loves Company, depicts John Bull and Uncle Sam mired in colonial wars at a steep price: Boer War 16,000,000 yearly and Philippine War $80,000,000 yearly. Anti-imperialist movements targeted the human rights violations in both the Philippines and Transvaal in their protests. Around 1904 or 1905in another impassioned response to the American war in the Philippines (which officially ended in 1902 but in practice dragged on for many years thereafter)Twain penned a short essay titled The War Prayer. The essay is now regarded as an exemplary indictment of blind patriotism coupled with religious fanaticism. Verified questions. What historical event or imperialist practice is this cartoon referencing? Illus. On May 1, the U.S. Navy scored its first major victory in foreign watersfar from assured given the weakness of the American fleet at the timeby defeating Spanish warships defending their longtime Pacific colony in the Battle of Manila Bay. How does the "Prelude to the Scramble" (Visual Source 18.1) differ from "From the Cape to Cairo" (Visual Source 18.3)?, 2. N.Y.: J. Ottmann Lith. 5:00 at 202-707-6394, and Press 3. Texas and U.S.S. Citing Primary Sources. Bello, Walden. The Great Rapprochement describes a shift in the relationship of the U.S. and Great Britain that, in the 1890s, moved from animosity and suspicion to friendship and cooperation. Ricard, Serge. 13, No. A priest of the Church of England, his father served as curate of Brentwood Essex for fifteen years, until 1849, when he became the vicar of Bishop's Stortford, where . Jacobs joined the Cape of Good Hope SPCA this week. Theory and Society16(5):675 (1987). Priests Horribly Tortured. She researches visual narrative and digital historiography using the visual historical record.This article was adapted from Visualizing Cultures. The message suggests that the indigenous man will be brought out of ignorance through the inescapable march of progress in the form of Western civilization. Source: Bibliothque nationale de France, British soldiers laugh at the spectacle of Boer prisoners of war being shocked by an electric fence. Murphy, Erin L. "Women's Anti-Imperialism, 'The White Man's Burden,' and the Philippine-American War,"The Asia-Pacific Journal, Vol. In the final years of the Civil War, U.S. naval power was second only to the great seafaring empire of Great Britain. When this cartoon was published, the foreign Legation Quarter in Beijing was besieged by Boxers and Qing troops. Quarto 377 pages. The strategy was among several emerging in these small wars of the turn of the century. It was feared that the mystical rituals and xenophobic violence of the Yi He Tuan (Boxer) secret society would overwhelm Chinas ineffectual rulers, cast the country into chaos, and hinder the trade and profits anticipated by the great powers. 3, pp. If you do not see a thumbnail image or a reference to another surrogate, please fill out a call slip in Source:The Ohio State University Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum. The cartoon takes its title from Rudyard Kiplings poem The White Mans Burden. Published in February, 1899 in response to the annexation of the Philippines by the United States, the poem quickly became a famous endorsement of the civilizing missiona battle cry, full of heroic stoicism and self-sacrifice, offering moral justification for U.S. perseverance in its first major and unexpectedly prolonged overseas war. Religion played a major role in the characterization of others as heathens in need of salvation through education, conversion, and civilizing in the ways of Christian culture. 8, Issue 4, pp. In the September 28, 1901 issue, artist Jean Veber excoriated the shameful subject of the concentration camps British forces used to weaken Boer resistance in the Anglo-Boer War of 18991902. 32, No. Rus. site.). A rescue expedition made up of troops from eight nations, under the command of the British Vice-Admiral Edward Seymour, left Tianjin for Beijing. The Origins of the Boxer War: A Multinational Study(London, New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003). ), yesterday we took important commandos. From the Cape to Cairo / Keppler. - PICRYL Public Domain Search Translated from Russian. Boxer attacks on Western infrastructure and the siege of foreign diplomats in Beijing gave the international powers a pretext for entering China with military force. The racism and contempt for non-Western others that undergirds Kiplings famous poemand the civilizing mission in generalis unmistakable here. It evoked both the fact that the bulk of the U.S. force was made up of units from the Midwestern states. In the centerfold of the August 16, 1899 issue of Puck, the not-so-cynical Keppler extended his feminization of global power politics to other great nations including a new arrival on the scene: Japan. Summary Illustration shows Britannia carrying a large white flag labeled "Civilization" with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advancing on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled "Barbarism". Anticipated U.S. exports appear on signs that advertise the rich market awaiting American manufacturers. China in Convulsion. Smith, Arthur Henderson. The sign on the shores of England reads, John Bull The old reliable ship builder since 1861. Twain went along, partly out of concern for his family, and The War Prayer was not published until 1916, six years after his death. Skulls dot the landscape ahead in Lifes grim rendering. Colossal goddess figures and other national symbols were overwritten with the message on their clothing and the flags they carried. Gillams sub-caption is All this for politicsis civilization advancing?. Recommended citation: Ellen Sebring, Civilization & Barbarism: Cartoon Commentary & The White Mans Burden (18981902), Volume 13, Issue 27, No. John Bull, whose portliness stood for prosperity, has joined with Uncle Sam to swallow the globe. 'An animal hero has fallen': Cape Town vet stabbed to death after From 1899 to 1902, the U.S. and Great Britain each became mired in colonial wars that were more vicious and long-lasting than expected. Initially, the camps were conceived as shelters for women and children war refugees. description Summary Illustration shows Britannia carrying a large white flag labeled "Civilization" with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advancing on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled "Barbarism". U.S. regiments were transported from the Philippines to join the Allied force. Name: Grady Lentz Rhodes cartoon analysis Figure 1.4: Imperialist, explorer and businessman Rhodes as a. Source:Library of Congress. The penetration of missionaries into the interior of China, for example, destabilized rural economies and incited anti-foreign sentiments. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division. In this activity, you will analyze and then create cartoons about imperialism. Were we to transport an army more than half way around the earth merely to listen to peace propositions? Includes bibliographical references and index. From breathtaking sights to local culture, Africa is the heartbeat of the world, and anyone lucky . 12, Issue 1, pp. As the cartoon record of these turn-of-the-century years repeatedly demonstrates, moreover, it was taken for granted by the imperialists that the people on whom they were bestowing the light of civilization were literallyand often grotesquelyof various shades of darker complexion. Tributes have poured in for a Cape Town vet who was killed by . Uncle Sam was portrayed both with youthful energy and as a paternal older figure straining to follow in John Bulls footsteps as he took up the White Mans Burden., After Many Years: The Great Rapprochement. French Satirical Drawings from LAssiette au Beurre(New York: Dover Publications, 1978). In this 1898 cartoon, Britannia (Great Britain) welcomes Columbia (the United States) as an estranged daughter and new imperialist partner. (A thumbnail (small) image will be visible on the left.). Imperialism--British--1900-1910, - From the Cape to Cairo. The British had just subdued the Dutch-descended Boers, in southern Africa. Germanys Kaiser Wilhelm II appears as an anointed leader, his angel wings made of swords, astride a cannon dragged by clerics and missionaries toward foreign lands. The campaign was stepped up to target the civilian population that provided crucial support for guerrilla fighters in both the Transvaal and Orange Free State republics. 0 Ratings 1 Want to read; 0 Currently reading; 0 Have read; From the Cape to Cairo. Several of these graphics from Puck commented on Americas problems at home while accusing others of being barbarians. title not id. From the C - ER9554 from Alamy's library of millions of high resolution stock photos, illustrations and vectors. Foreign buildings and churches were torched and the Beijing-Tianjin railway and telegraph lines were dismantled, cutting communication with the capital. Columbia Studies in the Social Sciences (New York: Columbia University Press, 1955). If you dont do it I shall have to. Udo Keppler,Puck, August 8, 1900. Lifes black-and-white January 4, 1900 cover welcomed the new millennium by illustrating The Anglo-Saxon Christmas 1899. John Bull and Uncle Sam are positioned within a holiday wreath, machine guns pointing out in both directions. Almost thou persuadest me to be a ChristianActs xxvi, 28. William H. Walker,Life, April 25, 1901. Many peasants vaguely suspected of being Boxers were executed. Under the American flag, patriotic words end with a question mark: Tis the Star-Spangled Banner, Oh! It is all too easy to assume that Americans, English, and others on the home front could not see what their nations were doing overseas. Beginning in 1896, the British carried out military expeditions in Sudan in order to reassert control over the Upper Nile region. Nishi, Masao - Institut Mirovogo Khoziastva I Mirovo Politiki (Kommunisticheskaia Akademiia) - Varga, Eugen. The rays of the sun shine over Uncle Sam and John Bull, who clasp hands in a renewed Anglo-American alliance of Kindred Interests rooted in the English Tongue. Warships on the horizon ground their mission in naval power. 730-735 (2008). His biblical title, which came from Matthew 4:16 (The people who sat in darkness have seen a great light), picked up on many pro-imperialist themes of the times. Kepplers cartoon reinforces what we have observed in Sam Keens commentary from Faces of the Enemy, that the theme of civilization versus barbarism is a recurring negative stereotype deployed in the dehumanization of a perceived hostile Other. Allied troops departed Tianjin for Beijing on August 4. the Prints and Photographs Reading Room. Turning to China, his stinging indictment extended beyond the two Anglo powers to target the Kaisers Germany plus Tsarist Russia and France. 1898) illuminate demeaning caricatures of China. | Illustration shows Britannia standing with an injured landowner and an African man, showing them a view of the future when "Enlightened Government" comes to South Africa after 1 print : chromolithograph. | Print shows John Bull attempting to reassure Uncle Sam that the storm clouds labeled "Philippine Complications" blowing in from the right will soon pass; he gestures toward 1 print : chromolithograph. While grading a final exam a professor discovers that two students have virtually identical answers. Silence). As the American West was absorbed and the continent consolidated, the mandate of Manifest Destiny shifted from territorial to commercial expansion beyond contiguous borders. The foothold in the Philippines brought China within reach. N.Y.: J. Ottmann Lith. Asking only the open door for ourselves, we are ready to accord the open door to others. If you dont do it I shall have to., The First Duty. Uncle Sam and his English cousin have the world between them. Victor Gillam,Judge, January 7, 1899. The 1901 date indicates that the specific reference is to Allied reprisals against Chinese civilians following the Boxer Uprising. Tough the Process Be Costly, The Road of Progress Must Be Cut. Udo Keppler,Puck, December 10, 1902. Britannia (Symbolic character)--1900-1910, - After Allied forces were dispatched to relieve the sieges in Tianjin and Beijing, however, it did not take long before news reports and complementary visual commentary began to take note of barbaric conduct on both sides of the conflict. He is Chief Correspondent of public radio's Biotech Nation, a commentator on NPR's Morning Edition, and a contributing editor and a columnist for Conde Nast Portfolio. the original in color by citing the Call Number listed above and including the catalog When the Chinese man raises his sword, it is labeled barbarism, but when the French soldier does precisely the same thing it is a necessary blow for civilization.. White man's burden--1900-1910, - The artist George Benjamin Luts offered an exceptionally scathing rendering of the linkage of conquest, commerce, and censorship in an 1899 cartoon titled The Way We Get the War News: The Manila Correspondent and the McKinley Censorship. Published in a short-lived radical periodical, The Verdict, the cartoon shows a war correspondent in chains, writing his story under the direction of military brass. Estimates of civilian fatalities, on the other hand, range from 200,000 to possibly well over a million. When applied to people and cultures, the survival of the fittest doctrine gave wealthy, technologically-advanced countries not only the right to dominate backward nations, but an imperative and duty to bring them into the modern world. N.Y.: J. Ottmann Lith. The Harvest in the Philippines. Frederick Thompson Richards,Life, July 6, 1899. In the United States, the most famous counter-voice to Kipling and his white mans burden rhetoric was the writer Mark Twain. Caption: Though the process be costly, the road to progress must be cut. Yet, the protagonists exchange encouraging looks, revealing the covert support behind their positions of benevolent neutrality., The Anglo-Saxon Christmas 1899.