impact of consequentialism in healthcare impact of consequentialism in healthcare

(Though, most versions of non-consequentialism allow some ethical relevance of consequences). Some of the moral philosophers associated with this theory include Jeremy Bentham, David Hume, Henry Sidgwick and many others. FRT raises novel challenges regarding privacy. Consequentialism is a normative ethical theory, which means, it is a theory about ethical action and a proposed method for deciding how one should choose the right ethical act. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies In this case, they would argue that welfare would be maximised by giving the last ventilator to the 20 year old. The meaning of CONSEQUENTIALISM is the theory that the value and especially the moral value of an act should be judged by the value of its consequences. You must recall and relate knowledge of how the professionals in the case studies promote equality and diversity and the skills and attributes needed to do this.. 25 (4). The lack of respect for the integrity of the individual is raised by Bernard Williams famous Jim and the Indians thought experiment, quoted above. Accessed May 24, 2018. The principle of utilitarianism invites us to consider the immediate and the less immediate consequences of our actions. Benthams theory of utilitarianism focussed on which actions were most likely to make people happy. As there is a buzz of chatter and activity presently in Trinidad and Tobago's ' gangland' one cannot dismiss the propensity of consequentialism surfacing. Their justification is that this action would produce the most overall welfare.. Consequentialism. There are two broad schools of ethical theory: consequentialism and non-consequentialism. Federal Privacy Protections: Ethical Foundations, Sources of Confusion in Clinical Medicine, and Controversies in Biomedical Research, Mary Anderlik Majumder, JD, PhD and Christi J. Guerrini, JD. Facial recognition technology (FRT) utilizes software to map a persons facial characteristics and then store the data as a face template.1 Algorithms or machine learning techniques are applied to a database to compare facial images or to find patterns in facial features for verification or authentication purposes.2 FRT is attractive for a variety of health care applications, such as diagnosing genetic disorders, monitoring patients, and providing health indicator information (related to behavior, aging, longevity, or pain experience, for example).3-5, FRT is likely to become a useful tool for diagnosing many medical and genetic conditions.6,7 Machine learning techniques, in which a computer program is trained on a large data set to recognize patterns and generates its own algorithms on the basis of learning,8 have already been used to assist in diagnosing a patient with a rare genetic disorder that had not been identified after years of clinical effort.9 Machine learning can also detect more subtle correlations between facial morphology and genetic disorders than clinicians.4 It is thought that FRT can therefore eventually be used to assist in earlier detection and treatment of genetic disorders,10,11 and computer applications (commonly known as apps) such as Face2Gene have been developed to assist clinicians in diagnosing genetic disorders.12, FRT has other potential health care applications. Face recognition methods and applications. and hey presto! Accessed October 26, 2018. Especially in India the incidence of birth defects, cancers and diseases related to skin, lungs, brain, kidneys and liver are several times more dominant than any other communities.8 The river drainage has significant influence on the land use and socio-economic fabric of the basin. Int J Environ Res Public Health. We've updated our privacy policy. FRT systems can store data as a complete facial image or as a facial template.34 Facial templates are considered biometric data and thus personally identifiable information.35 The idea that a photo can reveal private health information is relatively new, and privacy regulations and practices are still catching up. So, if Oliver had a wide network of adoring cat lovers because of his friendly, playful nature, unlike Benjy who prefers a life of peaceful solitude I should save Oliver as this would cause the least pain and produce the most pleasure for the people that know him. Consequentialism requires that the agent should step outside herself, as it were, and assess the consequences not in terms of prior commitments, but just on the results produced. Deontology: sticking to your obligations and duties, so focusing on intentions rather than the outcomes of actions. Consequentialism is the theory in moral philosophy that says our actions should aim at producing the best consequences. Instead, it is being driven by patients, who are increasingly turning into consumers. Aims: There will need to be careful thought and study of the broader impact of FRT in health care settings. Consequentialism Consequentialism is a type of teleological theory -- consequentialist theories suggest that the moral value, the moral rightness or wrongness of an act, is entirely a function of the consequences, or the results of that act. Loos HS, Wieczorek D, Wrtz, RP, von der Malsburg C, Horsthemke B. Schneider HJ, Kosilek RP, Gnther M, et al. An official website of the United States government. Discussion: Should Electronic Health Record-Derived Social and Behavioral Data Be Used in Precision Medicine Research? We should note that Consequentialism is based on two principles: Whether an act is right or wrong depends only on the results of that act. Let us take the example of a minority being oppressed in a country. One recent example that gained notoriety was an FRT system used to identify gay men from a set of photos that may have simply identified the kind of grooming and dress habits stereotypically associated with gay men.30 The developers of this FRT system did not intend it to be used for a clinical purpose but rather to illustrate how bias can influence FRT findings.30, Thankfully, potential solutions for addressing bias in FRT systems exist. Some statutes that protect health information might not apply to FRT. These include efforts to create AI systems that explain the rationale behind the results generated.31 Clinicians can also be trained to consider and respond to limitations and biases of FRT systems.32 In addition, organizations such as the National Human Genome Research Institute have sought to diversify the range of people whose images are included in their image databases.33. Epub 2015 Jan 6. When a service user is speaking to a health care professional it is important for them to listen properly, for example not looking around and yawning, instead make eye contact and ensuring body language looks engaging. To identify the values, beliefs and contextual influences that inform decision-making. I discuss this possibility briefly, and then set it aside. Accessed April 8, 2017. In this chapter, we will begin by defining consequentialism, and contrasting it with deontology. In this way, consequentialism ethics provide criteria for the moral evaluation of actions, while also recommending rules or decision-making criteria for future actions. Protecting your patients interests in the era of big data, artificial intelligence, and predictive analytics. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Consumerism in healthcare is not merely about supporting hospitals, insurance companies and other businesses. 2022 Jul;57(4):852-864. doi: 10.1111/1460-6984.12725. A heavy man in a sweat-stained khaki shirt turns out to be the captain in charge and, after a good deal of questioning of Jim which establishes that he got there by accident while on a botanical expedition, explains that the Indians are a random group of the inhabitants who, after recent acts of protest against the government, are just about to be killed to remind other possible protestors of the advantages of not protesting. If this is demanded of all moral agents, then general unhappiness is likely to ensue rather than the opposite. (2). Reimagining Medical Education in the Age of AI, Steven A. Wartman, MD, PhD and C. Donald Combs, PhD. Consequentialism Deontology (Biomedical Ethics) Charles Lohman. 2012 Jul;68(7):1516-25. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05897.x. Submit a manuscript for peer review consideration. In order to meet these challenges effectively, we need to identify how nurses contribute the resolution of these dilemmas. For example, if FRT diagnostic software develops to the point that it is used not just to augment but to replace a physicians judgment, ethical and legal questions may arise regarding which entity appropriately has liability.41 Or if FRT is used to monitor compliance, track patients whereabouts, or assist in other kinds of surveillance, patients trust in physicians could be eroded, undermining the therapeutic alliance. VAD can have numerous negative health effects such as dryness of the eye that can lead to blindness if untreated, reduced immune system response, and an increase in the severity and mortality risk of infections. Consequentialists may try to respond by arguing that alienation and taking an impersonal standpoint can be a virtue, but this seems a high price to pay if the agent is expected to disregard her most fundamental relationships, leaving her deeply unhappy. Consequentialism is an ethical theory that judges whether or not something is right by what its consequences are. You can read the details below. Undark. Accessed March 28, 2017. January 9, 2017. https://www.wired.com/2017/01/computers-can-tell-glance-youve-got-genetic-disorders/. When deciding on questions of what is ethically right or wrong utilitarians want to maximise the overall amount of happiness or welfare. One way is by using ethical concepts to shed light on everyday practice. Is a theory of moral obligation their proponent puts it forth as a framework within which a person can correctly determine, on any given occasion, what he or she (morally) ought to do [ 2 ]. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. This button displays the currently selected search type. Bookshelf 1992 Fall;21(4):354-89. Accessed October 26, 2018. One World Identity. We will have to remember as a society that, of all the things a person might do at any given moment, the morally right action is the one with the best overall consequences. How Should Clinicians Communicate With Patients About the Roles of Artificially Intelligent Team Members? There are several varieties of utilitarianism. As Peter Railton says: The alienation of some individuals or groups from their milieu may at times be necessary for fundamental social criticism or cultural innovation (Alienation, Consequentialism and the Demands of Morality, Philosophy and Public Affairs 1984). Information, consent, and informed consent. How could we have speeding laws, for example, if it would sometimes be ethical to break the speed limit? 2013;118:1-9. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-53501-6.00001-9. One famous way of putting this is 'the greatest good for the greatest number of people'.. Subsequent actions are mediated though ethical decision-making frames of reference including deontology, consequentialism, the ethics of care and virtue ethics. https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-professionals/privacy/special-topics/de-identification/index.html. Pharmacy (Basel). You can update your choices at any time in your settings. Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, Pub L No. Philos Public Aff. Atlas of human malformation syndromes in diverse populations. Automatic face classification of Cushings syndrome in womena novel screening approach. 2000 Mar;2(1):29-41. MeSH Nurses' professional relationships are central to nurses' contributions to the resolution of ethical dilemmas. This structure means that the ends often justify the means when seeking to create a specific result. Abbasinia M, Norouzadeh R, Adib-Hajbaghery M, Nasiri MA, Sharifipour E, Koohpaei A, Eskandari N, Aghaie B. Forbes. Religion plays a large part in the ethical issue of abortion, just like with . The most famous form of consequentialist ethics is utilitarianism which was first proposed by Jeremy Bentham and then furthered by John Stuart Mill in the 19th century. December 9, 2017. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320316.php. Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. In practice this a very difficult thing to do to step outside of the values we have been brought up with and the state of being alienated itself often causes unhappiness within the individual. An action that brings about more benefit than harm is good, while an action that causes more harm than benefit is not. Answer (1 of 4): The term 'consequentialism' was coined by the philosopher G E M Anscombe in her 1958 paper, 'Modern Moral Philosophy' (Philosophy 33, No. When expanded it provides a list of search options that will switch the search inputs to match the current selection. If the outcome is good, how one achieved the outcome is not that important. Nurses require the skills to develop and maintain professional relationships for addressing ethical dilemmas and to engage with political and organisational macro- and micro-decision-making. A Consequentialist Manifesto for the Evolution of Medical Law. By signing up you agree to our privacy policy. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Designer Babies: Where Should We Draw the Line? Front Neurosci. For example, if I have the choice between saving one of my two cats, Benjy and Oliver, from a house fire, I should save the cat that would produce the most utility over the other one. Researchers flag up facial recognition racial bias [news]. If Jim accepts, then as a special mark of the occasion, the other Indians will be let off. Learn more in our Cookie Policy. Utilitarianism judges consequences by a greatest good for the greatest number standard. consequentialism, In ethics, the doctrine that actions should be judged right or wrong on the basis of their consequences. Killing the one Indian is going to have a profound effect on Jims life but for the consequentialist, Jims values are irrelevant. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. Consequentialism Ethics Consequentialism focus on the outcome or consequence of the actions. If Jim refuses to kill anyone then he is therefore responsible for the deaths of the others. Again, consequentialism forces us to put our commitments second, regardless of how strongly we are connected to them or how much pleasure we derive from them. How can we perceive and address ethical challenges in public health practice and policy? Before The other way of thinking about the relationship is the focus of this paper. Epub 2021 Sep 1. Imagine you are in your local park feeding the ducks on the pond when you hear a loud splash; a child has fallen into the pond and is struggling to swim. Free access to premium services like Tuneln, Mubi and more. Principlism is a commonly used ethical approach in healthcare and biomedical sciences. First, as it is the general performance of all people that is collectively coordinated to promote the overall good, rule-consequentialism may distribute a fair share of the burden to all participants in society (Mulgan 2001, p. 54). Clinical Informatics News. Events and interactive experiences exploring ethics of being human. Because it counted every persons pleasure or pain as the same, regardless of age, wealth, race, etc. 2016 May;23(3):265-76. doi: 10.1177/0969733014564101. It means any ethical theory which judges the rightness or wrongness of an action on whether or not the outcome is good or bad. Even if nobody would be hurt, our speeding laws mean less people are harmed overall. Managing ongoing swallow safety through information-sharing: An ethnography of speech and language therapists and nurses at work on stroke units. (b). utilitarianism could be seen as a radically egalitarian philosophy. As FRT becomes capable of detecting a wider range of health conditions, such as behavioral24 or developmental disorders,25 health care organizations and software developers will need to decide which types of analyses should be included in a FRT system and the conditions under which patients might need to be informed of incidental findings. FRT is being developed to predict health characteristics, such as longevity and aging. Her research focuses on neuroethics as well as the ethics of digital health technology and machine learning with a focus on mental health issues and special populations. Our duty to others can be illustrated using another example, one used by contemporary utilitarian philosopher Peter Singer. By whitelisting SlideShare on your ad-blocker, you are supporting our community of content creators. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. The .gov means its official. 2020 Feb;27(1):258-272. doi: 10.1177/0969733019832941. 2005 Dec;31(12):739-42. doi: 10.1136/jme.2005.011908. Like above, what sorts of consequences are morally good and what sorts are morally bad need to be . You must explain the key principles of providing care, showing an understanding of the skills and attributes required by those professionals who meet the care and support needs of individuals. 2021 Jul-Aug;42(4):787-791. doi: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2021.04.020. Viewed from a consequentialist perspective, one of the primary purposes of an organizational ethics program is to ensure that the organization is not penalized for the actions of its individual employees and to avoid the bad consequences that might result from such actions (e.g., fines, lawsuits, etc). A study of nurses' ethical climate perceptions: Compromising in an uncompromising environment. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. There are two broad schools of ethical theory: consequentialism and non-consequentialism. Daniel Schiff, MS and Jason Borenstein, PhD, Confidentiality/Duty to protect confidential information, https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320316.php, https://www.wired.com/2017/01/computers-can-tell-glance-youve-got-genetic-disorders/, http://www.mobihealthnews.com/content/fdna-launches-app-based-tool-clinicians-using-facial-recognition-ai-and-genetic-big-data, https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/can-your-face-reveal-how-long-youll-live-new-technology-may-provide-the-answer/2014/07/02/640bacb4-f748-11e3-a606-946fd632f9f1_story.html, https://medcitynews.com/2016/01/aicure-fundraise/, https://mhealthintelligence.com/news/ehr-provider-touts-mhealth-access-by-apples-facial-recognition-app, https://medium.com/ibm-watson-data-lab/keeping-your-machine-learning-models-up-to-date-f1ead546591b, https://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2017/09/06/ten-things-everyone-should-know-about-machine-learning, https://undark.org/article/facial-recognition-technology-biased-understudied/, https://medium.com/@blaisea/do-algorithms-reveal-sexual-orientation-or-just-expose-our-stereotypes-d998fafdf477, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/604087/the-dark-secret-at-the-heart-of-ai/, http://www.clinicalinformaticsnews.com/2017/10/06/3d-facial-recognition-gives-healthcare-data-a-new-look.aspx, https://oneworldidentity.com/google-takes-aim-controversial-stringent-illinois-biometric-privacy-law/, https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-professionals/privacy/special-topics/de-identification/index.html. Consequentialism's definition merely. MedCity News. So what exactly is wrong with it? National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health. This document is part of a series of papers intended to introduce Consequentialism is sometimes criticized because it can be difficult, or even impossible, to know what the result of an action will be ahead of time. Jordan Belfort (played by Leonardo DiCaprio) in The Wolf of Wall Street is probably the popular idea of the . The result justifies the means are based on a consequentialism. March 2018. https://medium.com/ibm-watson-data-lab/keeping-your-machine-learning-models-up-to-date-f1ead546591b. Katy Baker studied Philosophy at the University of Kent and is now part of the Philosophy Now team. But if telling a lie. In contemporary moral philosophy, deontology is one of those kinds of normative theories regarding which choices are morally required, forbidden, or . Hossain MS, Muhammad G. Cloud-assisted framework for health monitoring. Published April 25, 2018. To do so, lets look at a current example of limited resources, such as ventilators, in hospitals during the Covid-19 outbreak and how we may decide which patients should be allocated these resources. Consequentialism is the position that morality is determined by the outcome of good or bad consequences caused by a person's actions. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help PHI 204 - Ethical Issues in Health Care: Consequentialism, Deontology, Physical Education and Health Education Faculty. If consequentialism is to take a hedonistic approach that we should act so as to maximise overall happiness then it results in a contradiction. Participants and context: Participants were interviewed about their contribution to the resolution of ethical dilemmas within the context of working in an acute hospital ward. 2017;8:1883. Senior Lecturer/ Researcher Anglia Ruskin University UK/ SAMs TT. Some machine learning systems need continuous data input to train and improve the algorithms22 in a process that could be analogized to quality improvement research, for which informed consent is not regarded as necessary.23 For example, to improve its algorithms, FRT for genetic diagnosis would need to receive new data sets of images of patients already known to have specific genetic disorders.2 To maintain trust and transparency with patients, organizations should consider involving relevant community stakeholders in implementing FRT and in decisions about establishing and improving practices of informing patients about the organizations use of FRT. This was his theory of rule utilitarianism. Nurses use these in contributing to the resolution of these dilemmas. Through alienating ourselves Railton shows that adopting ones exclusive ultimate end in life in the pursuit of maximum happiness may well prevent one from having experiences or engaging in certain sorts of commitments that are among the greatest sources of happiness (Alienation, Consequentialism and the Demands of Morality, Philosophy and Public Affairs, 1984). National Library of Medicine Handb Clin Neurol. Any consequentialist ethical theory has to provide a justification of how we decide which consequences are good or bad. Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. Type. This helps prevent a surge of infected patients in the existing healthcare facilities. April 11, 2017. https://www.technologyreview.com/s/604087/the-dark-secret-at-the-heart-of-ai/. Stud Health Technol Inform. Data Lab. Nurses' tension-based ethical decision making in rural acute care settings. It is a problem that consequentialism forces us to take an impersonal, objective view of situations and override some of our most cherished beliefs because of its requirement that we focus exclusively on the final result. Many utilitarians take a hedonistic approach, saying that utility equates to happiness, so we should act to produce the greatest happiness, and to minimize pain and unhappiness. There are rewards if you do something good, and there are repercussions if you do something wrong. One of the consequences of a breach of confidentiality could be that the patient will lose trust in Participants were recruited from all settings working with patients of any age and any diagnosis. Ghaemi SN, Goodwin FK. . Epub 2020 Mar 30. According to non-consequentialism, the rightness of an action is not solely determined by its consequences. Select Accept to consent or Reject to decline non-essential cookies for this use. But Jim has to actively kill someone unlike the duck feeder for whom the only bad consequences are that he will get wet and muddy. The peace that seems within reach, the reduction of gun related crimes and homicides, the dream of borderless territories and the future of a society that bears the fertile ground of excellence and achievement, can now be balanced on the spectrum of consequentialism. 8600 Rockville Pike Disclaimer. 124). Washington Post. We will describe some examples of the influence of consequentialism over current medical law. Complex and expensive treatment options have increased the frequency and emphasis of ethical decision-making in healthcare. I intend to show that expecting individuals to take an impersonal standpoint in a decision that so greatly affects them is unrealistic and leads to alienation. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The Ethical Theory. [4] Consequentialism Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. A few states, such as Illinois, have regulations that limit uses for which consumer biometric data can be collected.36 The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) governs handling of patients health records and personal health information and includes privacy protections for personally identifiable information. Finally, Mill also claims that happiness is the only thing that is desirable in itself as an end. Maximizing Consequentialism = moral rightness depends only on which consequences are best (as opposed to satisfactory or an improvement over the status quo). Borsos Z, Gyori M. Can automated facial expression analysis show differences between autism and typical functioning? With this in mind, people will strive to be morally and ethically good to avoid the . Shedding Privacy Along with our Genetic Material: What Constitutes Adequate Legal Protection against Surreptitious Genetic Testing? The oppressor, obviously, retaliates with ever more repressive measures to crush the minority by force. This basic form of consequentialism holds an action as ethical if and only if it produces more beneficial/pleasure-causing outcomes than negative/pain-causing ones. What matters in this example is saving the highest number of lives, and how this is attained is unimportant. Consequentialism Deontology (Biomedical Ethics) Charles Lohman . Philos Ethics Humanit Med. Medical News Today. mHealthIntelligence. This is because all things being equal they will live longer and may contribute more to society over a longer period of time.